Fig. 4
From: Neurovascular 4DFlow MRI (Phase Contrast MRA): emerging clinical applications
Left middle cerebral artery stenosis in a patient with diffuse atherosclerotic disease. Images a–c are displayed as curved vessel reformations. a The ultra short echo time CE MRA demonstrates a stenosis of the proximal left middle cerebral artery (arrow). b Arterial wall enhancement is seen on post contrast T1BB at the location of the stenosis (arrow) and distal to the stenosis. c Elevated 4Dflow MRI velocities derived from the ultra short echo time acquisition are identified within the stenosis suggesting that the lesion is hemodynamically significant. d Streamlines generated through the stenosis demonstrate a helical flow pattern (arrows)